MARIA ARTAN

Hemorrhoids (also called piles) are swollen veins in the lower rectum or anus, similar to varicose veins. They can be internal (inside the rectum) or external (under the skin around the anus). Causes 1. Straining during bowel movements 2. Chronic constipation or diarrhea 3. Sitting for long periods on the toilet 4. Pregnancy (due to increased pressure on the pelvic veins) 5. Obesity 6. Low-fiber diet Symptoms Internal hemorrhoids: Painless bleeding during bowel movements, rectal prolapse (the hemorrhoid protrudes outside the anus). External hemorrhoids: Itching, pain, swelling, and bleeding around the anus. Diagnosis A doctor may perform a physical examination or use tools like an anoscope or sigmoidoscope to examine the rectum. How to Prevent Hemorrhoids Preventing hemorrhoids involves making lifestyle changes that promote healthy bowel habits and reduce pressure on the veins in the rectum and anus. Here are some effective prevention strategies: 1. Eat a High-Fiber Diet Why: Fiber sof...

What is Depression? Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common mental health condition that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It can cause persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. Unlike normal mood fluctuations, depression lasts for weeks or months and can interfere with daily life. Causes of Depression 1. Biological Factors: Imbalances in brain chemicals (like serotonin, dopamine) can contribute to depression. 2. Genetics: A family history of depression increases the risk. 3. Stressful Life Events: Loss of a loved one, relationship issues, or financial stress can trigger depression. 4. Medical Conditions: Chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, heart disease, or chronic pain, may be linked to depression. 5. Hormonal Changes: Hormonal shifts during pregnancy, postpartum, or menopause can trigger depression. 6. Substance Use: Excessive use of alcohol or drugs may contribute to or worsen depression. Symptom...

Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by infections from viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, as well as by non-infectious factors like certain drugs or autoimmune diseases. Meningitis can be life-threatening if not treated promptly, especially bacterial meningitis. Types of Meningitis 1. Bacterial Meningitis (most serious) Cause: Bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae  Symptoms: Severe headache, high fever, stiff neck, nausea, confusion, seizures, and sensitivity to light (photophobia) Treatment: Immediate antibiotics and hospitalization 2. Viral Meningitis (more common, less severe ) Cause: Viruses like enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, or mumps virus Symptoms: Similar to bacterial meningitis but usually milder Treatment: Most cases resolve on their own; supportive care like rest, hydration, and pain relief 3. Fungal Meningitis (rare, ...

Dengue Fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection caused by the dengue virus (DENV), which has four distinct serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4). It is transmitted primarily by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which bites during the day, especially in the early morning and before dusk. Symptoms Symptoms usually appear 4 to 10 days after being bitten and may include: High fever (104°F/40°C) Severe headache Pain behind the eyes Muscle, joint, and bone pain (hence the nickname "breakbone fever") Nausea and vomiting Skin rash (appears 2-5 days after fever begins) Bleeding (nosebleeds, gum bleeding, or easy bruising) In severe cases, it can develop into severe dengue (dengue hemorrhagic fever), which can cause: Severe abdominal pain Persistent vomiting Bleeding from the gums or nose Blood in stool or vomit Difficulty breathing Severe dengue is life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention. Transmission of Dengue Fever occurs primarily through the bite of infected ...

Coronavirus refers to a large family of viruses that can cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe respiratory diseases. The term has been prominently associated with a specific virus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. Key Points about SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) 1: Symptoms  COVID-19 symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include: . Fever . Cough . Shortness of breath . Fatigue . Loss of taste or smell . Muscle or body aches . Headache . Sore throat . Congestion or runny nose . Nausea or vomiting . Diarrhea 2: Transmission  The virus primarily spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, or talking. It can also spread by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the face. 3. Prevention: Preventing the spread of COVID-19 involves a combination of measures aimed at reducing transmission, protecting individuals, and supporting public health efforts. Here are key strategies: 1. Vaccination Get Vaccinated: Vaccination is ...

Anemia is a condition in which the body doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to the body's tissues. It can make you feel tired, weak, and short of breath. Anemia can be temporary or chronic, and its severity can range from mild to severe. Types of Anemia 1. Iron-deficiency anemia – Caused by a lack of iron, often due to poor diet, blood loss, or absorption issues. 2. Vitamin-deficiency anemia – Caused by a lack of vitamins like B12 or folate. 3. Aplastic anemia – A rare but serious condition where the bone marrow fails to produce enough red blood cells. 4. Hemolytic anemia – Occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. 5. Sickle cell anemia – A genetic disorder where red blood cells are abnormally shaped, causing them to die early or block blood flow. 6. Thalassemia – An inherited blood disorder that causes the body to make fewer red blood cells or less hemoglobin. Causes of Anemia Nutritional deficiencies (iron, fo...

Asthma  Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that causes the airways in the lungs to become inflamed, narrow, and produce excess mucus, making it difficult to breathe. It can affect people of all ages but often begins in childhood. Causes of Asthma The exact cause of asthma is not fully understood, but it results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Common triggers include: Allergens: Pollen, dust mites, pet dander, mold, and cockroach droppings. Irritants: Smoke (tobacco or pollution), strong smells (perfumes, cleaning products), and chemical fumes. Physical Activity: Exercise-induced asthma occurs during or after exercise. Respiratory Infections: Colds, flu, and sinus infections can trigger asthma. Weather Conditions: Cold air, dry air, or sudden weather changes. Stress and Emotions: Strong emotions (like anger or anxiety) may trigger an asthma attack. Symptoms of Asthma Symptoms vary in severity and frequency, but common signs include: Shortness of breath ...